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MDCalc对决:HINTS与Sudbury眩晕风险评分——眩晕患者该用哪个工具?

MDCalc Wars: HINTS vs Sudbury Vertigo Risk Score — Which Tool Fits the Dizzy Patient?
RSS 订阅 · REBEL EM · 2026-09-28
一句话结论HINTS专用于有自发眼震的急性前庭综合征患者且需经训练者操作;Sudbury评分适用范围更广,对所有眩晕/不平衡患者进行中枢性严重诊断风险分层,两者互补而非竞争。

本文以一例72岁男性突发眩晕伴步态不稳为切入点,对比HINTS眼动检查与Sudbury眩晕风险评分在急诊眩晕评估中的适用场景。HINTS是针对急性前庭综合征(AVS)伴自发眼震患者的床旁眼动检查,须由经过培训的检查者操作,中枢性或可疑结果提示后循环卒中,需进一步影像学评估;在经过筛选的AVS患者中,HINTS敏感性可高于发病48小时内的MRI。Sudbury评分则通过人口学特征、血管危险因素、神经系统体征及BPPV诊断,对更广泛的眩晕/头晕/不平衡患者估算严重中枢性病因的可能性,但低分不能排除卒中。两项工具均不能替代完整病史、神经系统查体和临床判断,红旗征的存在无论评分如何均需进一步评估。

要点

  • HINTS仅适用于持续性急性前庭综合征伴自发眼震的患者,并要求检查者经过专项培训,不适合作为所有眩晕患者的通用筛查工具。
  • HINTS出现中枢性或可疑结果时,须紧急评估卒中或其他中枢性病因,并进行适当神经影像学检查(首选MRI)。
  • 经训练的临床医师在适当筛选的AVS患者中行HINTS,其敏感性可高于发病后24–48小时内的MRI;早期MRI阴性而临床仍有顾虑时,不能就此排除后循环缺血性卒中。
  • Sudbury评分使用人口学特征、血管危险因素、神经系统体征和BPPV诊断对急诊眩晕/头晕/不平衡患者进行宽泛风险分层,低分表示估算风险较低,但不能排除卒中或其他严重中枢性病因。
  • 存在红旗征或阳性神经系统体征时,无论Sudbury评分高低,均需进一步评估;疑似后半规管BPPV的典型短暂位置性眩晕首选Dix-Hallpike试验,不应使用HINTS。

适用人群与场景

  • HINTS适用人群:急诊就诊、持续性急性前庭综合征(AVS)、存在自发眼震、检查者具备相应培训背景的患者;不适用于典型短暂位置触发性眩晕(如疑似BPPV)及无自发眼震患者。
  • Sudbury评分适用人群:急诊就诊的眩晕、头晕或不平衡患者,范围比HINTS更广,涵盖各类眩晕表现,用于估算严重中枢性病因的风险。

诊断标准与关键阈值

  • HINTS检查:针对急性前庭综合征伴自发眼震患者,由经培训的检查者进行床旁眼动检查(具体三项检查组成原文未逐一列出),出现中枢性脑功能障碍体征则提示后循环卒中可能,结果分为周围性、中枢性或可疑(equivocal)。
  • Sudbury眩晕风险评分:纳入人口学特征、血管危险因素、神经系统体征及BPPV诊断等变量,计算严重中枢性诊断的估算风险;具体评分项目、阈值及风险分层界值原文未详细列出。
  • 低Sudbury评分表示较低的估算风险,但不能排除卒中;具体截断值原文未提及。

处置流程与药物剂量

  • 第一步:完整采集病史并进行神经系统查体,临床判断优先于任何评分工具。
  • 第二步:判断患者是否符合AVS伴自发眼震的HINTS适用标准;若符合且检查者经过培训,则进行HINTS床旁眼动检查。
  • 第三步:若HINTS结果为中枢性或可疑,须紧急评估卒中或其他中枢性病因,并行适当神经影像学检查(MRI为首选);早期MRI阴性而临床仍有顾虑时,持续评估不能中断。
  • 第四步:对不符合HINTS适用标准的更广泛眩晕/头晕/不平衡患者,可使用Sudbury评分辅助风险分层;低分不排除严重病因,红旗征或阳性体征无论评分高低均需进一步评估。
  • 第五步:疑似后半规管BPPV的典型位置性眩晕,采用Dix-Hallpike试验进行诊断,不应使用HINTS。
  • 药物剂量及具体处置方案:原文未提及。

红旗征与不能漏的情况

  • HINTS检查出现中枢性脑功能障碍体征:须紧急评估后循环卒中,行MRI等适当神经影像学检查。
  • HINTS结果可疑(equivocal):同中枢性结果处理,须紧急卒中评估及神经影像学检查。
  • 早期MRI阴性但临床仍有后循环卒中顾虑:原文明确指出MRI在发病后24–48小时内可能漏诊后循环缺血性卒中,持续临床顾虑需进一步评估,不能仅凭早期MRI阴性排除诊断。
  • Sudbury低分但存在令人担忧的症状或阳性体征:低分不能排除卒中或其他严重中枢性病因,仍须进一步评估。
  • 本例患者(72岁男性,突发眩晕伴步态不稳,持续自发眼震):HINTS发现中枢性表现,MRI证实小脑/后循环卒中,提示老年患者「以为是老毛病」的眩晕不可轻易归因于良性外周性病变。

研究设计与关键结果

  • 本文为经验/教学类文章(REBEL EM博客),以病例为框架对比HINTS与Sudbury评分的适用场景,原文未报告原始研究数据、样本量、效应量或P值。
  • 关于HINTS敏感性:原文陈述「经训练的临床医师在适当筛选的AVS患者中,HINTS可比发病后24–48小时内的MRI更敏感」,但未引用具体研究数据或数值。
  • 病例结局:72岁男性,持续眩晕、自发眼震、步态不稳,HINTS发现中枢性表现,MRI确认小脑后循环小梗死。

证据类型、等级与局限

  • 证据类型:经验/教学文章(科普博客,REBEL EM),同行评审(Marco Propersi DO,Mark Ramzy DO)。
  • 原文未提供具体引用文献的证据等级(如GRADE)或推荐强度分级。
  • 局限:本文为叙述性教学文章,未进行系统文献检索,未提供原始研究数据或荟萃分析结果;结论基于专家意见和临床经验;两项评分工具的验证研究数据未在正文中呈现。

对床旁实践的改变

  • 可改变的做法:提醒急诊医师HINTS不是眩晕的通用筛查工具,仅在持续AVS伴自发眼震且检查者有培训背景时使用,避免泛化应用。
  • 可改变的做法:对不符合AVS标准的更广泛眩晕患者,Sudbury评分可作为风险分层的补充工具,但低分不等于可安全出院,红旗征优先于评分结果。
  • 不应改变的做法:早期MRI阴性不能排除后循环卒中(发病24–48小时内MRI可漏诊),持续临床顾虑须继续评估,不应因影像学阴性而停止追查。
  • 常见陷阱:老年患者将新发持续眩晕归因于「老毛病/既往眩晕史」,可能导致漏诊后循环卒中;HINTS或Sudbury均不能替代完整神经系统查体和临床判断。
  • 不适用人群:疑似BPPV的典型短暂位置性眩晕不应使用HINTS,应用Dix-Hallpike试验。

指南或共识出处

  • 原文引用工具来源:MDCalc平台,HINTS for Stroke in Acute Vestibular Syndrome,Sudbury Vertigo Risk Score;具体原始验证研究名称及发布机构原文未列出。
  • 发表平台:REBEL EM Emergency Medicine Blog,作者Eric Steinberg DO MEHP,MDCalc内容总监。

原文图文 · 图 27 张

REBEL Rundown

Key Points

HINTS requires the right patient: Ongoing acute vestibular syndrome with nystagmus—and a trained examiner.

Sudbury assesses broader risk: It estimates the likelihood of serious central diagnoses in patients with dizziness, vertigo, or imbalance.

Concerning HINTS findings demand action: Central or equivocal results warrant stroke evaluation and appropriate neuroimaging.

A low Sudbury score doesn’t override red flags: Concerning symptoms or examination findings still require investigation.

Clinical assessment comes first: Both tools support a thorough history, neurologic examination, and clinical judgment.

Case

A 72-year-old man presents to the ED with sudden-onset dizziness and unsteady gait after getting up from his recliner. He insists it’s “just my vertigo,” although his wife is considerably less convinced. His neurologic exam is reassuring, or so you think. Is this peripheral vertigo, or could you be missing a posterior circulation stroke?

Scoring Tools

HINTS for Stroke in Acute Vestibular Syndrome

Sudbury Vertigo Risk Score

Quick Hits

Case Resolution

Our patient has persistent dizziness, spontaneous nystagmus, and gait unsteadiness. The Sudbury score helps frame his overall risk for a serious diagnosis, while his acute vestibular syndrome makes HINTS an appropriate bedside assessment. A central HINTS finding prompts further evaluation and MRI, which reveals a small posterior circulation stroke. His wife was right (of course!): it wasn’t “just his vertigo.”

The takeaway? HINTS and Sudbury aren’t competitors. They approach the evaluation of dizziness differently. Know your patient and your expertise with the HINTS exam, then choose your tool.

Clinical Bottom Line

HINTS: A focused bedside eye exam for appropriately selected patients with acute vestibular syndrome (AVS). When performed by trained clinicians, signs of brain dysfunction should raise concern for posterior circulation stroke.

Sudbury: A broader risk-stratification score for ED patients with dizziness, vertigo, or imbalance that uses demographics, vascular risk factors, neurologic findings, and BPPV diagnosis to estimate the risk of a serious underlying cause.

Post Peer Reviewed By: Marco Propersi, DO (Twitter/X: @Marco_Propersi), and Mark Ramzy, DO (X: @MRamzyDO)

FAQ

What is the difference between HINTS and the Sudbury Vertigo Risk Score?

HINTS is a bedside eye examination that helps distinguish central from peripheral causes of acute vestibular syndrome. The Sudbury Vertigo Risk Score uses clinical findings and risk factors to estimate the likelihood of a serious central diagnosis in a broader group of patients with dizziness.

When should clinicians use the HINTS exam?

Use HINTS in patients with ongoing acute vestibular syndrome and nystagmus, provided the examiner has appropriate training. It is not a general screening test for every patient with dizziness.

Can HINTS be used to diagnose BPPV?

HINTS is not intended for typical brief, position-triggered episodes suggesting benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). The Dix-Hallpike test is the recommended diagnostic maneuver for suspected posterior-canal BPPV.

Does a low Sudbury score rule out stroke?

No. A low score indicates lower estimated risk but does not exclude stroke or another serious central cause. Concerning symptoms or examination findings warrant further evaluation regardless of the score. Sudbury score guidance

Can HINTS be more sensitive than an early MRI?

Yes, when a trained clinician performs it in appropriately selected patients with acute vestibular syndrome. MRI can miss posterior circulation ischemic strokes during the first 24–48 hours. Persistent clinical concern requires further assessment even when an early MRI is negative.

What should clinicians do with a central or equivocal HINTS result?

A central or equivocal result warrants urgent evaluation for stroke or another central cause. MDCalc guidance

Prep Sheets

HINTS for Stroke in Acute Vestibular Syndrome

Created September 28, 2026

Neurology

DOWNLOAD

Sudbury Vertigo Risk Score

Created September 28, 2026

Neurology

DOWNLOAD

Author

Eric Steinberg

DO, MEHP

Content Director, MDCalc,

Residency Director, Emergency Medicine St. Joseph's University Medical Center, Paterson, NJ

Meet The Team

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Showing Slide 1 of 6: MDCalc Wars: HINTS vs Sudbury Vertigo Risk Score — Which Tool Fits the Dizzy Patient?

The post MDCalc Wars: HINTS vs Sudbury Vertigo Risk Score — Which Tool Fits the Dizzy Patient? appeared first on REBEL EM - Emergency Medicine Blog.

来源:REBEL EM,查看原文。版权归原作者所有。

参考来源

  1. REBEL EM:MDCalc Wars: HINTS vs Sudbury Vertigo Risk Score — Which Tool Fits the Dizzy Patient?

供执业医师抢救与诊疗参考,不替代临床判断;剂量请结合体重、肝肾功能和本院药品规格复核,以指南原文为准。